3. Pacotes e Módulos¶
3.2. Importando o pacote Math¶
- Math é um pacote matemático que possui uma série de funções matemáticas prontas.
# Importando o math
import math
- Verificando todos os métodos disponíveis no pacote math.
print(dir(math))
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']
- Usando um dos métodos do módulo math
# extraindo a raiz quadrada
math.sqrt(25)
5.0
- Importando apenas um dos métodos do módulo math
from math import sqrt
# Usando o método
sqrt(9)
3.0
- Imprimindo todos os métodos do módulo math
print(dir(math))
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']
3.2.1. A função help pode nos ajudar com eventuais dúvidas sobre os método utilizados.¶
# Help do método sqrt do módulo math
help(sqrt)
Help on built-in function sqrt in module math:
sqrt(x, /)
Return the square root of x.
help(pow)
Help on built-in function pow in module builtins:
pow(x, y, z=None, /)
Equivalent to x**y (with two arguments) or x**y % z (with three arguments)
Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
invoked using the three argument form.
pow(2,3)
8
3.3. Importando o pacote Random¶
- O pacote random serve pra gerar valores randomicos ou aleatórios.
import random
random.choice(['Maça', 'Banana', 'Laranja'])
'Maça'
random.sample(['Maça', 'Banana', 'Laranja'],2)
['Laranja', 'Maça']
random.sample(range(100), 10)
[1, 63, 62, 36, 88, 65, 78, 3, 74, 26]
3.4. Importando o pacote Statistics¶
- O pacote statistics é utilizado para realizar cálculos estatísticos
import statistics
dados = [2.75, 1.75, 1.25, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25, 3.5]
statistics.mean(dados)
1.6071428571428572
statistics.median(dados)
1.25
3.5. Importando o pacote OS¶
- O pacote os nos permite realizar operações no sistema operacional
import os
- A função getcwd() nos é retornado a endereço do diretório no qual estou trabalhando.
os.getcwd()
'D:\\documentos\\pythonfundamentos\\Cap04_Tratamento_Arquivos\\Notebooks'
- Um print de todos os módulos, funções e atributos disponíveis no pacote OS.
print(dir(os))
['DirEntry', 'F_OK', 'MutableMapping', 'O_APPEND', 'O_BINARY', 'O_CREAT', 'O_EXCL', 'O_NOINHERIT', 'O_RANDOM', 'O_RDONLY', 'O_RDWR', 'O_SEQUENTIAL', 'O_SHORT_LIVED', 'O_TEMPORARY', 'O_TEXT', 'O_TRUNC', 'O_WRONLY', 'P_DETACH', 'P_NOWAIT', 'P_NOWAITO', 'P_OVERLAY', 'P_WAIT', 'PathLike', 'R_OK', 'SEEK_CUR', 'SEEK_END', 'SEEK_SET', 'TMP_MAX', 'W_OK', 'X_OK', '_Environ', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_execvpe', '_exists', '_exit', '_fspath', '_get_exports_list', '_putenv', '_unsetenv', '_wrap_close', 'abc', 'abort', 'access', 'altsep', 'chdir', 'chmod', 'close', 'closerange', 'cpu_count', 'curdir', 'defpath', 'device_encoding', 'devnull', 'dup', 'dup2', 'environ', 'error', 'execl', 'execle', 'execlp', 'execlpe', 'execv', 'execve', 'execvp', 'execvpe', 'extsep', 'fdopen', 'fsdecode', 'fsencode', 'fspath', 'fstat', 'fsync', 'ftruncate', 'get_exec_path', 'get_handle_inheritable', 'get_inheritable', 'get_terminal_size', 'getcwd', 'getcwdb', 'getenv', 'getlogin', 'getpid', 'getppid', 'isatty', 'kill', 'linesep', 'link', 'listdir', 'lseek', 'lstat', 'makedirs', 'mkdir', 'name', 'open', 'pardir', 'path', 'pathsep', 'pipe', 'popen', 'putenv', 'read', 'readlink', 'remove', 'removedirs', 'rename', 'renames', 'replace', 'rmdir', 'scandir', 'sep', 'set_handle_inheritable', 'set_inheritable', 'spawnl', 'spawnle', 'spawnv', 'spawnve', 'st', 'startfile', 'stat', 'stat_result', 'statvfs_result', 'strerror', 'supports_bytes_environ', 'supports_dir_fd', 'supports_effective_ids', 'supports_fd', 'supports_follow_symlinks', 'symlink', 'sys', 'system', 'terminal_size', 'times', 'times_result', 'truncate', 'umask', 'uname_result', 'unlink', 'urandom', 'utime', 'waitpid', 'walk', 'write']
3.6. Importando o pacote sys¶
- O pacote sys também nos permite interagir com o sistema operacional.
import sys
- podemos gravar a palavra teste na saída do s.o, basta fazer.
sys.stdout.write('Teste')
Teste
- para saber a versão do meu sitema operacional fazemos:
sys.version
'3.7.3 | packaged by conda-forge | (default, Jul 1 2019, 22:01:29) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)]'
- Para saber quais os módulos, funções e atributos do meus sistema operacional, utilizamos;
print(dir(sys))
['__breakpointhook__', '__displayhook__', '__doc__', '__excepthook__', '__interactivehook__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '__stderr__', '__stdin__', '__stdout__', '_clear_type_cache', '_current_frames', '_debugmallocstats', '_enablelegacywindowsfsencoding', '_framework', '_getframe', '_git', '_home', '_xoptions', 'api_version', 'argv', 'base_exec_prefix', 'base_prefix', 'breakpointhook', 'builtin_module_names', 'byteorder', 'call_tracing', 'callstats', 'copyright', 'displayhook', 'dllhandle', 'dont_write_bytecode', 'exc_info', 'excepthook', 'exec_prefix', 'executable', 'exit', 'flags', 'float_info', 'float_repr_style', 'get_asyncgen_hooks', 'get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth', 'get_coroutine_wrapper', 'getallocatedblocks', 'getcheckinterval', 'getdefaultencoding', 'getfilesystemencodeerrors', 'getfilesystemencoding', 'getprofile', 'getrecursionlimit', 'getrefcount', 'getsizeof', 'getswitchinterval', 'gettrace', 'getwindowsversion', 'hash_info', 'hexversion', 'implementation', 'int_info', 'intern', 'is_finalizing', 'last_traceback', 'last_type', 'last_value', 'maxsize', 'maxunicode', 'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache', 'platform', 'prefix', 'ps1', 'ps2', 'ps3', 'set_asyncgen_hooks', 'set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth', 'set_coroutine_wrapper', 'setcheckinterval', 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'setswitchinterval', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'thread_info', 'version', 'version_info', 'warnoptions', 'winver']
- Para saber quais os módulos, funções e atributos do meus sistema operacional, utilizamos;
3.7. Importando o pacote urllib¶
- O módulo request do pacote urllib é usado para trazer url’s para dentro do nosso ambiente Python.
import urllib.request
- Variável resposta armazena o objeto de conexão à url passada como parâmetro.
resposta = urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org')
- Objeto resposta
print(resposta)
<http.client.HTTPResponse object at 0x00000158475F9A58>
- Chamando o método read() do objeto resposta e armazenando o código html na variável html
html = resposta.read()
# Imprimindo html
print(html)
b'<!doctype html>\n<!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js ie6 lt-ie7 lt-ie8 lt-ie9"> <![endif]-->\n<!--[if IE 7]> <html class="no-js ie7 lt-ie8 lt-ie9"> <![endif]-->\n<!--[if IE 8]> <html class="no-js ie8 lt-ie9"> <![endif]-->\n<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--><html class="no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!--<![endif]-->\n\n<head>\n <meta charset="utf-8">\n <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">\n\n <link rel="prefetch" href="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.2/jquery.min.js">\n\n <meta name="application-name" content="Python.org">\n <meta name="msapplication-tooltip" content="The official home of the Python Programming Language">\n <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Python.org">\n <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">\n <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">\n\n <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">\n <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True">\n <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">\n <meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on">\n <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="false">\n\n <script src="/static/js/libs/modernizr.js"></script>\n\n <link href="/static/stylesheets/style.67f4b30f7483.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" title="default" />\n <link href="/static/stylesheets/mq.3ae8e02ece5b.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="not print, braille, embossed, speech, tty" />\n \n\n <!--[if (lte IE 8)&(!IEMobile)]>\n <link href="/static/stylesheets/no-mq.fcf414dc68a3.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />\n \n \n <![endif]-->\n\n \n <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/static/favicon.ico">\n <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-144x144-precomposed.png">\n <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-114x114-precomposed.png">\n <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png">\n <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png">\n <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png">\n\n \n <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/static/metro-icon-144x144-precomposed.png"><!-- white shape -->\n <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#3673a5"><!-- python blue -->\n <meta name="msapplication-navbutton-color" content="#3673a5">\n\n <title>Welcome to Python.org</title>\n\n <meta name="description" content="The official home of the Python Programming Language">\n <meta name="keywords" content="Python programming language object oriented web free open source software license documentation download community">\n\n \n <meta property="og:type" content="website">\n <meta property="og:site_name" content="Python.org">\n <meta property="og:title" content="Welcome to Python.org">\n <meta property="og:description" content="The official home of the Python Programming Language">\n \n <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.python.org/static/opengraph-icon-200x200.png">\n <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.python.org/static/opengraph-icon-200x200.png">\n \n <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.python.org/">\n\n <link rel="author" href="/static/humans.txt">\n\n <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Python Enhancement Proposals"\n href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/peps.rss/">\n <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Python Job Opportunities"\n href="https://www.python.org/jobs/feed/rss/">\n <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Python Software Foundation News"\n href="https://feeds.feedburner.com/PythonSoftwareFoundationNews">\n <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Python Insider"\n href="https://feeds.feedburner.com/PythonInsider">\n\n \n\n \n <script type="application/ld+json">\n {\n "@context": "https://schema.org",\n "@type": "WebSite",\n "url": "https://www.python.org/",\n "potentialAction": {\n "@type": "SearchAction",\n "target": "https://www.python.org/search/?q={search_term_string}",\n "query-input": "required name=search_term_string"\n }\n }\n </script>\n\n \n <script type="text/javascript">\n var _gaq = _gaq || [];\n _gaq.push([\'_setAccount\', \'UA-39055973-1\']);\n _gaq.push([\'_trackPageview\']);\n\n (function() {\n var ga = document.createElement(\'script\'); ga.type = \'text/javascript\'; ga.async = true;\n ga.src = (\'https:\' == document.location.protocol ? \'https://ssl\' : \'http://www\') + \'.google-analytics.com/ga.js\';\n var s = document.getElementsByTagName(\'script\')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);\n })();\n </script>\n \n</head>\n\n<body class="python home" id="homepage">\n\n <div id="touchnav-wrapper">\n\n <div id="nojs" class="do-not-print">\n <p><strong>Notice:</strong> While Javascript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn Javascript on for the full experience. </p>\n </div>\n\n <!--[if lte IE 8]>\n <div id="oldie-warning" class="do-not-print">\n <p>\n <strong>Notice:</strong> Your browser is <em>ancient</em>. Please\n <a href="http://browsehappy.com/">upgrade to a different browser</a> to experience a better web.\n </p>\n </div>\n <![endif]-->\n\n <!-- Sister Site Links -->\n <div id="top" class="top-bar do-not-print">\n\n <nav class="meta-navigation container" role="navigation">\n\n \n <div class="skip-link screen-reader-text">\n <a href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a>\n </div>\n\n \n <a id="close-python-network" class="jump-link" href="#python-network" aria-hidden="true">\n <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-arrow-down"><span>▼</span></span> Close\n </a>\n\n \n\n<ul class="menu" role="tree">\n \n <li class="python-meta current_item selectedcurrent_branch selected">\n <a href="/" title="The Python Programming Language" class="current_item selectedcurrent_branch selected">Python</a>\n </li>\n \n <li class="psf-meta ">\n <a href="/psf-landing/" title="The Python Software Foundation" >PSF</a>\n </li>\n \n <li class="docs-meta ">\n <a href="https://docs.python.org" title="Python Documentation" >Docs</a>\n </li>\n \n <li class="pypi-meta ">\n <a href="https://pypi.python.org/" title="Python Package Index" >PyPI</a>\n </li>\n \n <li class="jobs-meta ">\n <a href="/jobs/" title="Python Job Board" >Jobs</a>\n </li>\n \n <li class="shop-meta ">\n <a href="/community/" title="Python Community" >Community</a>\n </li>\n \n</ul>\n\n\n <a id="python-network" class="jump-link" href="#top" aria-hidden="true">\n <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-arrow-up"><span>▲</span></span> The Python Network\n </a>\n\n </nav>\n\n </div>\n\n <!-- Header elements -->\n <header class="main-header" role="banner">\n <div class="container">\n\n <h1 class="site-headline">\n <a href="/"><img class="python-logo" src="/static/img/python-logo.png" alt="python™"></a>\n </h1>\n\n <div class="options-bar-container do-not-print">\n <a href="/psf/donations/" class="donate-button">Donate</a>\n <div class="options-bar">\n \n <a id="site-map-link" class="jump-to-menu" href="#site-map"><span class="menu-icon">≡</span> Menu</a><form class="search-the-site" action="/search/" method="get">\n <fieldset title="Search Python.org">\n\n <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-search"></span>\n\n <label class="screen-reader-text" for="id-search-field">Search This Site</label>\n <input id="id-search-field" name="q" type="search" role="textbox" class="search-field" placeholder="Search" value="" tabindex="1">\n\n <button type="submit" name="submit" id="submit" class="search-button" title="Submit this Search" tabindex="3">\n GO\n </button>\n\n \n <!--[if IE]><input type="text" style="display: none;" disabled="disabled" size="1" tabindex="4"><![endif]-->\n\n </fieldset>\n </form><span class="breaker"></span><div class="adjust-font-size" aria-hidden="true">\n <ul class="navigation menu" aria-label="Adjust Text Size on Page">\n <li class="tier-1 last" aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="#" class="action-trigger"><strong><small>A</small> A</strong></a>\n <ul class="subnav menu">\n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a class="text-shrink" title="Make Text Smaller" href="javascript:;">Smaller</a></li>\n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a class="text-grow" title="Make Text Larger" href="javascript:;">Larger</a></li>\n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a class="text-reset" title="Reset any font size changes I have made" href="javascript:;">Reset</a></li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n </ul>\n </div><div class="winkwink-nudgenudge">\n <ul class="navigation menu" aria-label="Social Media Navigation">\n <li class="tier-1 last" aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="#" class="action-trigger">Socialize</a>\n <ul class="subnav menu">\n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pythonlang?fref=ts"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-facebook"></span>Facebook</a></li>\n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="https://twitter.com/ThePSF"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-twitter"></span>Twitter</a></li>\n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/irc/"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-freenode"></span>Chat on IRC</a></li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n <span data-html-include="/authenticated"></span>\n </div><!-- end options-bar -->\n </div>\n\n <nav id="mainnav" class="python-navigation main-navigation do-not-print" role="navigation">\n \n \n<ul class="navigation menu" role="menubar" aria-label="Main Navigation">\n \n \n \n <li id="about" class="tier-1 element-1 " aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="/about/" title="" class="">About</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/apps/" title="">Applications</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/quotes/" title="">Quotes</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/gettingstarted/" title="">Getting Started</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/help/" title="">Help</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="http://brochure.getpython.info/" title="">Python Brochure</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n \n \n <li id="downloads" class="tier-1 element-2 " aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="/downloads/" title="" class="">Downloads</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/downloads/" title="">All releases</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/downloads/source/" title="">Source code</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/downloads/windows/" title="">Windows</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/downloads/mac-osx/" title="">Mac OS X</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="/download/other/" title="">Other Platforms</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/license.html" title="">License</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="/download/alternatives" title="">Alternative Implementations</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n \n \n <li id="documentation" class="tier-1 element-3 " aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="/doc/" title="" class="">Documentation</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/doc/" title="">Docs</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/doc/av" title="">Audio/Visual Talks</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide" title="">Beginner's Guide</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="https://devguide.python.org/" title="">Developer's Guide</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="https://docs.python.org/faq/" title="">FAQ</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/Languages" title="">Non-English Docs</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="http://python.org/dev/peps/" title="">PEP Index</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-8" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks" title="">Python Books</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-9" role="treeitem"><a href="/doc/essays/" title="">Python Essays</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n \n \n <li id="community" class="tier-1 element-4 " aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="/community/" title="" class="">Community</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/survey" title="">Community Survey</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/diversity/" title="">Diversity</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/lists/" title="">Mailing Lists</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/irc/" title="">IRC</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/forums/" title="">Forums</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="/psf/annual-report/2019/" title="">PSF Annual Impact Report</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/workshops/" title="">Python Conferences</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-8" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/sigs/" title="">Special Interest Groups</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-9" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/logos/" title="">Python Logo</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-10" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/" title="">Python Wiki</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-11" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/merchandise/" title="">Merchandise</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-12" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/awards" title="">Community Awards</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-13" role="treeitem"><a href="https://www.python.org/psf/codeofconduct/" title="">Code of Conduct</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n \n \n <li id="success-stories" class="tier-1 element-5 " aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="/success-stories/" title="success-stories" class="">Success Stories</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/arts/" title="">Arts</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/business/" title="">Business</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/education/" title="">Education</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/engineering/" title="">Engineering</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/government/" title="">Government</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/scientific/" title="">Scientific</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/software-development/" title="">Software Development</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n \n \n <li id="news" class="tier-1 element-6 " aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="/blogs/" title="News from around the Python world" class="">News</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/blogs/" title="Python Insider Blog Posts">Python News</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="http://planetpython.org/" title="Planet Python">Community News</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="http://pyfound.blogspot.com/" title="PSF Blog">PSF News</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="http://pycon.blogspot.com/" title="PyCon Blog">PyCon News</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n \n \n <li id="events" class="tier-1 element-7 " aria-haspopup="true">\n <a href="/events/" title="" class="">Events</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/events/python-events" title="">Python Events</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/events/python-user-group/" title="">User Group Events</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/events/python-events/past/" title="">Python Events Archive</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/events/python-user-group/past/" title="">User Group Events Archive</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEventsCalendar#Submitting_an_Event" title="">Submit an Event</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n \n \n \n \n</ul>\n\n \n </nav>\n\n <div class="header-banner "> <!-- for optional "do-not-print" class -->\n \n <div id="dive-into-python" class="flex-slideshow slideshow">\n\n <ul class="launch-shell menu" id="launch-shell">\n <li>\n <a class="button prompt" id="start-shell" data-shell-container="#dive-into-python" href="/shell/">>_\n <span class="message">Launch Interactive Shell</span>\n </a>\n </li>\n </ul>\n\n <ul class="slides menu">\n \n <li>\n <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Fibonacci series up to n</span>\r\n>>> def fib(n):\r\n>>> a, b = 0, 1\r\n>>> while a < n:\r\n>>> print(a, end=\' \')\r\n>>> a, b = b, a+b\r\n>>> print()\r\n>>> fib(1000)\r\n<span class="output">0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987</span></code></pre></div>\n <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Functions Defined</h1>\r\n<p>The core of extensible programming is defining functions. Python allows mandatory and optional arguments, keyword arguments, and even arbitrary argument lists. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions">More about defining functions in Python 3</a></p></div>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: List comprehensions</span>\r\n>>> fruits = [\'Banana\', \'Apple\', \'Lime\']\r\n>>> loud_fruits = [fruit.upper() for fruit in fruits]\r\n>>> print(loud_fruits)\r\n<span class="output">[\'BANANA\', \'APPLE\', \'LIME\']</span>\r\n\r\n<span class="comment"># List and the enumerate function</span>\r\n>>> list(enumerate(fruits))\r\n<span class="output">[(0, \'Banana\'), (1, \'Apple\'), (2, \'Lime\')]</span></code></pre></div>\n <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Compound Data Types</h1>\r\n<p>Lists (known as arrays in other languages) are one of the compound data types that Python understands. Lists can be indexed, sliced and manipulated with other built-in functions. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#lists">More about lists in Python 3</a></p></div>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Simple arithmetic</span>\r\n>>> 1 / 2\r\n<span class="output">0.5</span>\r\n>>> 2 ** 3\r\n<span class="output">8</span>\r\n>>> 17 / 3 <span class="comment"># classic division returns a float</span>\r\n<span class="output">5.666666666666667</span>\r\n>>> 17 // 3 <span class="comment"># floor division</span>\r\n<span class="output">5</span></code></pre></div>\n <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Intuitive Interpretation</h1>\r\n<p>Calculations are simple with Python, and expression syntax is straightforward: the operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code> and <code>/</code> work as expected; parentheses <code>()</code> can be used for grouping. <a href="http://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">More about simple math functions in Python 3</a>.</p></div>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Simple output (with Unicode)</span>\r\n>>> print("Hello, I\'m Python!")\r\n<span class="output">Hello, I\'m Python!</span>\r\n\r\n<span class="comment"># Input, assignment</span>\r\n>>> name = input(\'What is your name?\\n\')\r\n>>> print(\'Hi, %s.\' % name)\r\n<span class="output">What is your name?\r\nPython\r\nHi, Python.</span></code></pre></div>\n <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Quick & Easy to Learn</h1>\r\n<p>Experienced programmers in any other language can pick up Python very quickly, and beginners find the clean syntax and indentation structure easy to learn. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/">Whet your appetite</a> with our Python 3 overview.</p>\r\n </div>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># For loop on a list</span>\r\n>>> numbers = [2, 4, 6, 8]\r\n>>> product = 1\r\n>>> for number in numbers:\r\n... product = product * number\r\n... \r\n>>> print(\'The product is:\', product)\r\n<span class="output">The product is: 384</span></code></pre></div>\n <div class="slide-copy"><h1>All the Flow You’d Expect</h1>\r\n<p>Python knows the usual control flow statements that other languages speak — <code>if</code>, <code>for</code>, <code>while</code> and <code>range</code> — with some of its own twists, of course. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html">More control flow tools in Python 3</a></p></div>\n </li>\n \n </ul>\n </div>\n\n\n </div>\n\n \n <div class="introduction">\n <p>Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly <span class="breaker"></span>and integrate systems more effectively. <a class="readmore" href="/doc/">Learn More</a></p>\n </div>\n\n\n </div><!-- end .container -->\n </header>\n\n <div id="content" class="content-wrapper">\n <!-- Main Content Column -->\n <div class="container">\n\n <section class="main-content " role="main">\n\n \n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n <div class="row">\n\n <div class="small-widget get-started-widget">\n <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-get-started"></span>Get Started</h2>\r\n<p>Whether you\'re new to programming or an experienced developer, it\'s easy to learn and use Python.</p>\r\n<p><a href="/about/gettingstarted/">Start with our Beginner’s Guide</a></p>\n </div>\n\n <div class="small-widget download-widget">\n <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-download"></span>Download</h2>\n<p>Python source code and installers are available for download for all versions!</p>\n<p>Latest: <a href="/downloads/release/python-374/">Python 3.7.4</a></p>\n </div>\n\n <div class="small-widget documentation-widget">\n <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-documentation"></span>Docs</h2>\r\n<p>Documentation for Python\'s standard library, along with tutorials and guides, are available online.</p>\r\n<p><a href="https://docs.python.org">docs.python.org</a></p>\n </div>\n\n <div class="small-widget jobs-widget last">\n <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-jobs"></span>Jobs</h2>\r\n<p>Looking for work or have a Python related position that you\'re trying to hire for? Our <strong>relaunched community-run job board</strong> is the place to go.</p>\r\n<p><a href="//jobs.python.org">jobs.python.org</a></p>\n </div>\n\n </div>\n\n <div class="list-widgets row">\n\n <div class="medium-widget blog-widget">\n \n <div class="shrubbery">\n \n <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-news"></span>Latest News</h2>\n <p class="give-me-more"><a href="https://blog.python.org" title="More News">More</a></p>\n \n <ul class="menu">\n \n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-08-15T21:45:00.000003+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>08-15</time>\n <a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/mUJyrUk_9C8/inspect-pypi-event-logs-audit-security.html">Inspect PyPI event logs to audit your account's and project's security</a></li>\n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-08-07T08:37:00.000002+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>08-07</time>\n <a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/0XCbz6INDL8/python-380b3-is-now-available-for.html">Python 3.8.0b3 is now available for testing</a></li>\n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-07-31T16:06:00.000002+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>07-31</time>\n <a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonInsider/~3/MwuRB1u_KNQ/pypi-now-supports-uploading-via-api.html">PyPI now supports uploading via API token</a></li>\n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-07-31T16:02:00.000002+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>07-31</time>\n <a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/PythonSoftwareFoundationNews/~3/PyfIYGrs4Vo/pypi-now-supports-uploading-via-api.html">PyPI now supports uploading via API token</a></li>\n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-07-18T15:15:21.000003+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>07-18</time>\n <a href="https://mailchi.mp/python/psf-2019-q2-newsletter">Python Software Foundation - Q2 Newsletter</a></li>\n \n </ul>\n </div><!-- end .shrubbery -->\n\n </div>\n\n <div class="medium-widget event-widget last">\n \n <div class="shrubbery">\n \n <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-calendar"></span>Upcoming Events</h2>\n <p class="give-me-more"><a href="/events/calendars/" title="More Events">More</a></p>\n \n <ul class="menu">\n \n \n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-08-23T00:00:00+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>08-23</time>\n <a href="/events/python-events/855/">Kiwi PyCon X</a></li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-08-23T00:00:00+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>08-23</time>\n <a href="/events/python-events/846/">IndyPy Web Conf 2019</a></li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-08-29T00:00:00+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>08-29</time>\n <a href="/events/python-user-group/835/">PyCon Latam 2019</a></li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-09-02T00:00:00+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>09-02</time>\n <a href="/events/python-events/837/">EuroSciPy 2019</a></li>\n \n \n \n <li>\n<time datetime="2019-09-20T00:00:00+00:00"><span class="say-no-more">2019-</span>09-20</time>\n <a href="/events/python-events/820/">PyCon TW 2019</a></li>\n \n \n </ul>\n </div>\n\n </div>\n\n </div>\n\n <div class="row">\n\n <div class="medium-widget success-stories-widget">\n \n\n\n\n <div class="shrubbery">\n \n\n <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-success-stories"></span>Success Stories</h2>\n <p class="give-me-more"><a href="/success-stories/" title="More Success Stories">More</a></p>\n\n \n <div class="success-story-item" id="success-story-838">\n\n <blockquote>\n <a href="/success-stories/saving-the-world-with-open-data-and-python/">When an Open Data standard is created and promoted, it\xe2\x80\x99s important to think why - what change is this trying to drive? What will people do with this data that they couldn\xe2\x80\x99t do before?</a>\n </blockquote>\n\n <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="100%" class="quote-from">\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n \n <td><p><a href="/success-stories/saving-the-world-with-open-data-and-python/">Saving the world with Open Data and Python</a> <em>by James Baster</em></p></td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n </table>\n </div>\n \n\n </div><!-- end .shrubbery -->\n\n </div>\n\n <div class="medium-widget applications-widget last">\n <div class="shrubbery">\n <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-python"></span>Use Python for…</h2>\r\n<p class="give-me-more"><a href="/about/apps" title="More Applications">More</a></p>\r\n\r\n<ul class="menu">\r\n <li><b>Web Development</b>:\r\n <span class="tag-wrapper"><a class="tag" href="http://www.djangoproject.com/">Django</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/">Pyramid</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://bottlepy.org">Bottle</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://tornadoweb.org">Tornado</a>, <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" class="tag">Flask</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://www.web2py.com/">web2py</a></span></li>\r\n <li><b>GUI Development</b>:\r\n <span class="tag-wrapper"><a class="tag" href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/TkInter">tkInter</a>, <a class="tag" href="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGObject">PyGObject</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro">PyQt</a>, <a class="tag" href="https://wiki.qt.io/PySide">PySide</a>, <a class="tag" href="https://kivy.org/">Kivy</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://www.wxpython.org/">wxPython</a></span></li>\r\n <li><b>Scientific and Numeric</b>:\r\n <span class="tag-wrapper">\r\n<a class="tag" href="http://www.scipy.org">SciPy</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://pandas.pydata.org/">Pandas</a>, <a href="http://ipython.org" class="tag">IPython</a></span></li>\r\n <li><b>Software Development</b>:\r\n <span class="tag-wrapper"><a class="tag" href="http://buildbot.net/">Buildbot</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://trac.edgewall.org/">Trac</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://roundup.sourceforge.net/">Roundup</a></span></li>\r\n <li><b>System Administration</b>:\r\n <span class="tag-wrapper"><a class="tag" href="http://www.ansible.com">Ansible</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://www.saltstack.com">Salt</a>, <a class="tag" href="https://www.openstack.org">OpenStack</a></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\n </div><!-- end .shrubbery -->\n </div>\n\n </div>\n\n \n <div class="pep-widget">\n\n <h2 class="widget-title">\n <span class="prompt">>>></span> <a href="/dev/peps/">Python Enhancement Proposals<span class="say-no-more"> (PEPs)</span></a>: The future of Python<span class="say-no-more"> is discussed here.</span>\n <a aria-hidden="true" class="rss-link" href="/dev/peps/peps.rss"><span class="icon-feed"></span> RSS</a>\n </h2>\n\n\n \n \n </div>\n\n <div class="psf-widget">\n\n <div class="python-logo"></div>\n \n <h2 class="widget-title">\r\n <span class="prompt">>>></span> <a href="/psf/">Python Software Foundation</a>\r\n</h2>\r\n<p>The mission of the Python Software Foundation is to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. <a class="readmore" href="/psf/">Learn more</a> </p>\r\n<p class="click-these">\r\n <a class="button" href="/users/membership/">Become a Member</a>\r\n <a class="button" href="/psf/donations/">Donate to the PSF</a>\r\n</p>\n </div>\n\n\n\n\n </section>\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n\n </div><!-- end .container -->\n </div><!-- end #content .content-wrapper -->\n\n <!-- Footer and social media list -->\n <footer id="site-map" class="main-footer" role="contentinfo">\n <div class="main-footer-links">\n <div class="container">\n\n \n <a id="back-to-top-1" class="jump-link" href="#python-network"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-arrow-up"><span>▲</span></span> Back to Top</a>\n\n \n\n<ul class="sitemap navigation menu do-not-print" role="tree" id="container">\n \n <li class="tier-1 element-1">\n <a href="/about/" >About</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/apps/" title="">Applications</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/quotes/" title="">Quotes</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/gettingstarted/" title="">Getting Started</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/help/" title="">Help</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="http://brochure.getpython.info/" title="">Python Brochure</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n <li class="tier-1 element-2">\n <a href="/downloads/" >Downloads</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/downloads/" title="">All releases</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/downloads/source/" title="">Source code</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/downloads/windows/" title="">Windows</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/downloads/mac-osx/" title="">Mac OS X</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="/download/other/" title="">Other Platforms</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/license.html" title="">License</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="/download/alternatives" title="">Alternative Implementations</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n <li class="tier-1 element-3">\n <a href="/doc/" >Documentation</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/doc/" title="">Docs</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/doc/av" title="">Audio/Visual Talks</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide" title="">Beginner's Guide</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="https://devguide.python.org/" title="">Developer's Guide</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="https://docs.python.org/faq/" title="">FAQ</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/Languages" title="">Non-English Docs</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="http://python.org/dev/peps/" title="">PEP Index</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-8" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks" title="">Python Books</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-9" role="treeitem"><a href="/doc/essays/" title="">Python Essays</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n <li class="tier-1 element-4">\n <a href="/community/" >Community</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/survey" title="">Community Survey</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/diversity/" title="">Diversity</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/lists/" title="">Mailing Lists</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/irc/" title="">IRC</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/forums/" title="">Forums</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="/psf/annual-report/2019/" title="">PSF Annual Impact Report</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/workshops/" title="">Python Conferences</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-8" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/sigs/" title="">Special Interest Groups</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-9" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/logos/" title="">Python Logo</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-10" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/" title="">Python Wiki</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-11" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/merchandise/" title="">Merchandise</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-12" role="treeitem"><a href="/community/awards" title="">Community Awards</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-13" role="treeitem"><a href="https://www.python.org/psf/codeofconduct/" title="">Code of Conduct</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n <li class="tier-1 element-5">\n <a href="/success-stories/" title="success-stories">Success Stories</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/arts/" title="">Arts</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/business/" title="">Business</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/education/" title="">Education</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/engineering/" title="">Engineering</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/government/" title="">Government</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/scientific/" title="">Scientific</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="/success-stories/category/software-development/" title="">Software Development</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n <li class="tier-1 element-6">\n <a href="/blogs/" title="News from around the Python world">News</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/blogs/" title="Python Insider Blog Posts">Python News</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="http://planetpython.org/" title="Planet Python">Community News</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="http://pyfound.blogspot.com/" title="PSF Blog">PSF News</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="http://pycon.blogspot.com/" title="PyCon Blog">PyCon News</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n <li class="tier-1 element-7">\n <a href="/events/" >Events</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/events/python-events" title="">Python Events</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/events/python-user-group/" title="">User Group Events</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/events/python-events/past/" title="">Python Events Archive</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/events/python-user-group/past/" title="">User Group Events Archive</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEventsCalendar#Submitting_an_Event" title="">Submit an Event</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n <li class="tier-1 element-8">\n <a href="/dev/" >Contributing</a>\n \n \n\n<ul class="subnav menu">\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="https://devguide.python.org/" title="">Developer's Guide</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="https://bugs.python.org/" title="">Issue Tracker</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev" title="">python-dev list</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/dev/core-mentorship/" title="">Core Mentorship</a></li>\n \n <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="/news/security/" title="">Report a Security Issue</a></li>\n \n</ul>\n\n \n </li>\n \n</ul>\n\n\n <a id="back-to-top-2" class="jump-link" href="#python-network"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-arrow-up"><span>▲</span></span> Back to Top</a>\n \n\n </div><!-- end .container -->\n </div> <!-- end .main-footer-links -->\n\n <div class="site-base">\n <div class="container">\n \n <ul class="footer-links navigation menu do-not-print" role="tree">\n <li class="tier-1 element-1"><a href="/about/help/">Help & <span class="say-no-more">General</span> Contact</a></li>\n <li class="tier-1 element-2"><a href="/community/diversity/">Diversity <span class="say-no-more">Initiatives</span></a></li>\n <li class="tier-1 element-3"><a href="https://github.com/python/pythondotorg/issues">Submit Website Bug</a></li>\n <li class="tier-1 element-4">\n <a href="https://status.python.org/">Status <span class="python-status-indicator-default" id="python-status-indicator"></span></a>\n </li>\n </ul>\n\n <div class="copyright">\n <p><small>\n <span class="pre">Copyright ©2001-2019.</span>\n <span class="pre"><a href="/psf-landing/">Python Software Foundation</a></span>\n <span class="pre"><a href="/about/legal/">Legal Statements</a></span>\n <span class="pre"><a href="/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></span>\n <span class="pre"><a href="/psf/sponsorship/sponsors/#heroku">Powered by Heroku</a></span>\n </small></p>\n </div>\n\n </div><!-- end .container -->\n </div><!-- end .site-base -->\n\n </footer>\n\n </div><!-- end #touchnav-wrapper -->\n\n \n <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.2/jquery.min.js"></script>\n <script>window.jQuery || document.write(\'<script src="/static/js/libs/jquery-1.8.2.min.js"><\\/script>\')</script>\n\n <script src="/static/js/libs/masonry.pkgd.min.js"></script>\n <script src="/static/js/libs/html-includes.js"></script>\n\n <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/main-min.fbfe252506ae.js" charset="utf-8"></script>\n \n\n <!--[if lte IE 7]>\n <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/plugins/IE8-min.16868e6a5d2f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>\n \n \n <![endif]-->\n\n <!--[if lte IE 8]>\n <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/plugins/getComputedStyle-min.c3860be1d290.js" charset="utf-8"></script>\n \n \n <![endif]-->\n\n \n\n \n \n\n</body>\n</html>\n'